She likely contracted syphilis while tending to patients, subsequently undergoing mercury inhalation treatment based on evidence of residual mercury in her mummified lung tissue. Bischoff was a Basel resident and a pastor’s wife who devoted her life to supporting her community. Why do we study mummies? We are interested in the past and what we can learn from it.Īs for the mummy’s identity, Zink’s team validated the genealogists’ hypothesis: the mummy was Anna Catharina Bischoff, who lived from 1719 to 1787. Thomas emphasized that aside from the historical, cultural, and personal importance of ancient DNA research, it creates opportunities to develop new scientific techniques, including statistical methodologies. Mark Thomas, an evolutionary geneticist at University College London, who was not involved in the study said, “the evidence from mtDNA seems to be strong,” and that future studies may benefit from additional statistical analysis. Zink’s team found that the mummy and living individuals shared the same specific set of mtDNA variations, leading them to conclude that the mummy and living descendants were related. They used DNA sequencing techniques to enrich for mtDNA, reconstruct the mitochondrial genomes, and screen for regions of shared mtDNA variability-which signal a pattern of inheritance-between the mummy and the potential descendants. Zink’s team isolated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-the small circular chromosome in mitochondria that is inherited maternally-from the mummy’s tooth and from DNA samples provided by the proposed living relatives. Frank Maixner, co-author and coordinator of the Institute for Mummy Studies at Eurac Research said that “mercury in higher concentrations inhibits post-mortem growth of microorganisms,” which may preserve tissue and DNA. In addition to being toxic, mercury also preserves mummies remarkably well. 2,3 Thus began the work of Zink’s team to confirm the mummy’s identity by comparing her DNA to that of her proposed living relatives. In 2017, newly discovered archival records helped genealogists narrow down a candidate for the mummy’s identity, create a family tree, and identify three potential living descendants. This mummy’s identity was a mystery since her unearthing in 1975. “Why do we study mummies? We are interested in the past and what we can learn from it,” said Albert Zink, senior author of the study and director of the Institute for Mummy Studies at Eurac Research in Bolzano, Italy. In a study published in Forensic Science International: Genetics, a multidisciplinary research team used historical archives, genealogical tracing, and advanced genomic sequencing to identify a Swiss mummy who likely succumbed to mercury poisoning in the 1700s. 1 While widely prescribed in the 1700s, this treatment fell out of vogue when scientists discovered that mercury causes heavy metal toxicity. History is replete with examples of lethal medical interventions, such as inhaling mercury vapors to treat syphilis. Researchers use advanced genomic sequencing, historical archives, and genealogical tracing to determine the identity of an ancient mummy.
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